What is the purpose of a project network?

The major output of Project Time Management’s Sequence Activities process is a Network Diagram. So what is a Network Diagram? The function is described in your PMP Exam prep as “visualizing project tasks in boxes with activity IDs and demonstrating the interrelationship between arrow activities.” Network diagrams say how an activity starts with another activity before, after, or at the same time.

What are the benefits of Network Diagrams?

• Network Diagrams tend to explain the project time estimation. Because a project’s network diagram illustrates how activities interrelate with each other from project start to completion, estimating the total project duration would be quite beneficial. Once the project ‘s critical path is established, the events on the critical path would show us the overall project duration, respectively.
• Network Diagrams help to plan, organize and control. Since all project activities are seen sequentially with relevant interrelationships, a project’s network diagram can support project manager and team during planning and organizing. During project execution, network diagram can also be helpful as it is a glimpse of the project activities related to the dependencies.
• Network Diagrams display the workflow of the project activities. So, a project manager should learn the activity sequence. After a certain point in the project, what has been accomplished and the remaining activities and their interdependencies with each other will be simpler to see in the network diagram.
• Network diagrams describe possibilities for schedule compression. In a project you might need to reduce the duration of the remaining activities. It can be because the project is lagging behind schedule and you need to compress the timeline to complete the project on time. In that case, as network diagrams display the sequence of the activities and durations, thinking on how to compress the remaining activities in the project will be easier.
• Network diagrams display progress on the project. Since it showcases the order of activities in a project and the complete direction from project start to end, it is a good instrument to determine the progress of the project.

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One of the biggest project management challenges is to meet deadlines and completing projects on time. Creating a project network diagram can help you plan projects more accurately.

What is a project network diagram?

The InLoox project management glossary defines a project network diagram as follows:

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A network in project management displays the duration of project activities and the dependencies between activities graphically or as a table.

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In a network, nodes (rectangles) represent activities and events. Arrows connect nodes with each other. Arrows represent the dependency between the activities or events.

People often use the terms Work Breakdown Structure and a project network diagram synonymously. But there is an important difference between the two: A work break down structure enables you to view the project independently from its schedule and you visualize logical relationships in a hierarchical tree diagram. A network diagram also takes into account the chronological order of activities and uses dependencies to display them. Bar charts such as Gantt charts are a special type of network.

The network analysis enables the project manager to take into account various aspects when creating a project plan:

• Dependencies between activities
• Buffer times between activities
• Earliest and latest start and end dates, as well as the duration of activities
• Critical Path

How to conduct a network analysis

We’ve talked a lot about the theory but how does a network analysis actually work and what do you have to do? We’ll show you step by step how it works using a sample project – a teambuilding event.

Step 1: Define activities, durations and dependencies

Create a list of all your project activities and estimate their duration. Then define the chronological order of the activities, i.e. the dependencies between them. Enter everything into a table:

Step 2: Display all activities in nodes (rectangles) and enter the duration (d) into the node.

Each node is displayed as follows:

• EST = Earliest Start Time = When can I start the activity at the earliest?
• EFT = Earliest Finish Time = When can I complete the activity at the earliest?
• LST = Latest Start Time = When is the latest possible date to start the activity if I want to complete the project on time?
• LFT = Latest Finish Time = When is the latest possible date to complete an activity if I want to complete the project on time?
• d = duration of an activity (here in hours)
• CBT = Cumulative buffer time = extra time you can use to complete an activity without compromising the project end date
• BT = free buffer time = extra time you can use to complete an activity without compromising the completion time of its direct successor(s)

Step 3: Link activities

Define the dependencies between activities. Predecessor and successor activities are linked by an arrow – this enables you to see which activity or activities you have to complete before you can start the next activity.

Step 4: Forward planning

Forward planning means that you start at the first activity and go through the activities #1-#8 chronologically. Add the EST (earliest start time) and EFT (earliest finish time). Here’s how you calculate the times:

1. EST of activity #1 is always 0
2. EFT of an activity is the sum of its EST and duration >> EFT of activity #1 is: 0 + 1 (EST = 0, d = 1)
3. EFT of an activity is automatically the EST of its successor activity
4. If a node has more than one predecessor activity, the HIGHEST EFT is used >> EST of activity #6 is: 26 (taken from EFT of activity #2)

Step 5: Backward planning

This step enables you to calculate the latest start time (LST) and the latest end time (LFT). Start from activity #8 and continue until you reach activity #1. Here’s how you calculate the times:

1. LFT of activity #8 is the same as its EFT and represents the starting point of the backward planning: EFT = 66 = LFT
2. LST of an activity is: LFT – duration >> LST of activity #8 = 66 – 5 = 61
3. LST of an activity is also always the LFT of the predecessor activity >> LST of activity #8 = 61 so the LFT of activity #7 = 61
4. If a node has more than one successor activity, the LOWEST LST is used >> activity #1 has 3 successor activities (activity #2,3,4). Out of the three successors, activity #4 has the lowest LST (=1) so the LFT of activity #1 = 1.
5. You can check whether your backward planning is correct if LST = EST = 0 for activity #1.

Step 6: Calculate the buffer times

The next step is to identify the cumulative buffer time (CBT) and the free buffer time (BT) for all activities.

Cummulative buffer time

• Formula for the CBT is: LST – EST >> So CBT for activity #6 is: 30 (LST) – 26 (EST) = 4

The cumulative buffer time indicates how much delay there can be in completing an activity before it jeopardizes the project’s completion.

Free buffer time

• Formula for the BT is: EST of the successor activity minus the current activity’s own EFT. BT of activity #3 is: 26 – 16 = 10 (EST of activity #4 = 26; EFT of activity #3 is 16)
• If an activity has more than one successor, take the LOWEST EST for the calculation. E.g. activity #4 has 2 successors (activity #5 and #6). EST of activity #6 = 26, EST of activity #5 = 21 >> BT of activity #4 is 21 – 21 = 0

The free buffer time indicates how much delay there can be in completing an activity before it has an impact on the completion time of the next activity.

Step 7: Determine the critical path

The critical path is the longest path (i.e. the path with the longest duration) from project start to finish. The activities and milestones on this path have no buffer time. Which means that even the slightest delay of one activity, the project’s completion will be delayed accordingly.

• In a network diagram every activity (node) without any cumulative or free buffer time belongs to the critical path: CBT = BT = 0. In our case those are activity #1, #4, #5, #7 and #8.

So the critical path determines the minimum project duration and enables the project manager to identify activities that are particularly risky should delays arise there. This helps them to devise countermeasures from the start. It’s important the they keep a close eye on the activities on the critical path. On the other hand, if you manage to complete a critical activity earlier than planned, you can decrease the duration of the project accordingly.

Conclusion

The network analysis is a very precise method but that means that it is also pretty complex. For smaller projects with a smaller number of activities such as our teambuilding event, it’s feasible. But if you have a complex project plan with a lot of activities, it’s not only complex to create a network diagram but it’s also complex and time-consuming to keep it up to date. Which is why most use a project management software to create a network diagram. Though it’s still helpful to know how to conduct a network analysis manually as it helps you to understand your project plan better. The biggest advantage of a project management tool is that it calculates end and start times automatically according to the dependencies and constraints you’ve defined, calculates the critical path automatically and – most importantly – it takes much less time and effort to create a project plan.

What are the benefits of developing the project network?

What is a project in a network?

Why network is necessary in project management?

What is the purpose of activity network in project planning?