Which of the following statements is true about black officeholders during reconstruction?

37. Which of the following statements is not true about black officeholders duringReconstruction?38. Which of the following is true about opponents of migration?39. Why didn’t the British establish colonies as rapidly as the Spaniards?40. How was the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s different from the reconstruction Klan?41. Why did blacks choose to support the British over the American colonists during theRevolution?42. Why was it difficult for blacks to find jobs in the North after 1820?43. What was the problem, as viewed by many southern states, of voting laws like literacytests, poll taxes, and poverty qualifications?44. Why was the Fugitive Slave of 1973 considered a danger to free blacks?45. How did the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 strengthen previous laws?46. Most white northerners in the period 1820- 186047. How did Lincoln change the nature of the war with Emancipation Proclamation?48. Why have some blacks criticized gangsta rap?49. What types of labor were most common for slave women?50. What was true about Marcus Garvey and his ideas?

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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues

Cummings

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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues

Cummings

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More than 1,500 African American officeholders served during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877)[1] after passage of the Reconstruction Acts in 1867 and 1868 as well as in the years after Reconstruction before white supremacy, disenfranchisement, and the Democratic Party fully reasserted control in Southern states. Historian Canter Brown, Jr. noted that in some states, such as Florida, the highest number of African Americans were elected or appointed to offices after 1877 and the end of Reconstruction. The following is a partial list some of the most notable of the officeholders pre–1900.

U.S. Senate[edit]

• Hiram Rhodes Revels (R), Senator from Mississippi (1870-1871)
• Blanche Bruce (R), Senator from Mississippi (1875-1881)
• P. B. S. Pinchback was elected to the U.S. Senate by the Louisiana legislature in 1873, but the Senate refused to seat him.

U.S. House[edit]

Alabama[edit]

State Senate[edit]

• Alexander H. Curtis - Perry 1872-1874
• James K. Greene - Hale
• Jeremiah Haralson - Dallas
• John W. Jones - Lowndes
• Lloyd Leftwich - Greene
• Benjamin F. Royal representing Bullock County (1868-1876)
• D. J. Daniels

1868 Legislature[edit]

From 1868 to 1878 more than 100 African Americans served in the Alabama Legislature.[2]

House[edit]

• Benjamin F. Alexander representing Greene County
• James H. Alston representing Macon County
• Matt Avery representing Perry County
• Samuel Blandon - Lee
• Nathan A. Brewington - Lowndes
• Richard Burke - Sumter
• John Carraway - Mobile
• George Cox - Montgomery
• Alexander H. Curtis - representing Perry County 1870-1872
• Thomas Diggs - Barbour
• Joseph Drawn - Dallas
• Ovide Gregory - Mobile
• James K. Greene - Hale
• D. H. Hill - Bullock
• George Houston - Sumter
• Benjamin Inge - Sumter
• Columbus Jones - Madison
• Edward R. Rose - Marengo
• Shandy W. Jones - Tuscaloosa
• Horace King - Russell
• Thomas Lee - Perry
• Greene S. W. Lewis - Perry
• Jefferson McCalley - Madison
• A. G. Richardson - Wilcox
• Lawrence S. Speed - Bullock
• W. L. Taylor - Chambers
• Holland Thompson - Montgomery
• William V. Turner - Elmore
• Spencer Weaver - Dallas
• L. J. Williams - Montgomery
• Henry Young - Lowndes

1870 legislature[edit]

House[edit]

• George W. Braxdell - Talladega
• Thomas Clark - Barbour
• Henry A. Cochran - Dallas
• Henry H. Craig - Montgomery
• Alexander H. Curtis - Perry
• Thomas H. Diggs - Barbour
• John Dozier - Perry
• William D. Gaskin - Lowndes
• Edward Gee - Dallas
• James K. Greene - Hale
• Jere Haralson - Dallas
• Horace King - Russell
• R. L. Johnson - Dallas
• Henry St. Clair - Macon
• Lawrence Speed - Bullock
• Holland Thompson - Montgomery
• Mansfield Tyler - Lowndes
• Levie Wells - Marengo
• L. J. Williams - Montgomery

1872 Legislature[edit]

Senate[edit]

• D. J. Daniels
• Benjamin Royal
• Jeremiah Haralson
• Alexander H. Curtis
• Lloyd Leftwich[3]

House[edit]

Alabama legislators at the capitol in 1872

• William E. Carson - Lowndes
• Thomas J. Clarke - Barbour
• Henry A. Cochran - Dallas
• Mentor Dotson - Sumter
• John Dozier - Perry
• Hales Ellsworth - Montgomery
• Samuel Fantroy - Barbour
• Joseph H. Goldsby - Dallas
• James K. Greene - Hale
• R. L. Johnson - Dallas
• Reuben Jones - Madison
• Greene S. W. Lewis - Perry
• Perry Mathews - Bullock
• January Maull - Lowndes
• Willis Merriwether - Wilcox
• G. R. Millen - Russell
• George Patterson - Macon
• Samuel J. Patterson - Autauga
• Robert Reed - Sumter
• Bristo W. Reese - Hale
• Lawrence S. Speed - Bullock
• Henry St. Clair - Macon
• Lawson Steele - Montgomery
• William Taylor - Sumter
• B. R. Thomas - Marengo
• Frank H. Threatt - Marengo
• J. R. Treadwell - Russell
• Thomas H. Walker - Dallas
• A. E. Williams - Barbour
• L. J. Williams - Montgomery

1874 Legislature[edit]

House[edit]

• G. W. Allen - Bullock
• Elijah Baldwin - Wilcox
• Granville Bennett - Sumter
• William H. Blevins - Dallas
• James Bliss - Sumter
• Matthew Boyd - Perry
• Hershel V. Cashin - Montgomery
• Elijah Cook - Montgomery
• D. J. Daniels - Russell
• Charles Fagan - Montgomery
• Adam Gachet - Barbour
• Prince Gardner - Russell
• William Gaskin _ Lowndes
• Charles E. Harris - Dallas
• A. W. Johnson - Macon
• Samuel Lee - Lowndes
• Greene S. W. Lewis - Perry
• Edwin C. Locke - Wilcox
• Jacob Martin - Dallas
• Perry Matthews - Bullock
• Willis Merriwether - Wilcox
• Edward Odum - Barbour
• George Patterson - Macon
• Bristo W. Reese - Hale
• Robert Reid - Sumter
• Charles Smith - Bullock
• A. E. Williams - Barbour
• J. R. Witherspoon - Perry
• Manly Wynne - Hale

1876 Legislature[edit]

House[edit]

• Elijah Baldwin - Wilcox
• William H. Blevins - Dallas
• Hugh A. Carson - Lowndes
• Hershel V. Cashin - Montgomery
• Charles O. Harris - Montgomery
• Green T. Johnston - Dallas
• Captain Gilmer - Montgomery
• Greene S. W. Lewis - Perry
• Nimrod Snoddy - Greene
• William J. Stevens - Dallas

1878 Legislature[edit]

House[edit]

• Hugh A. Carson representing Lowndes County
• George English representing Wilcox County[4][5]

Other[edit]

• William Hooper Councill, clerk in the Alabama legislature in 1872 and 1874[6]

Arkansas[edit]

Between 1868 and 1893, 85 men noted as either "Colored" or "Mulatto" served in the state legislature (House and Senate) of Arkansas. They served under the 1868 Arkansas Constitution that granted them the right to vote and hold office and then the 1874 Constitution, instituted after Democrats retook control of state government. After 1893, the next African-American to serve as a state legislator in Arkansas was in 1973.[7][8]

Statewide officeholders[edit]

• Joseph Carter Corbin, chief clerk of the Little Rock Post Office (1872), state superintendent of public schools (1873-1875)

1868 Arkansas Constitutional Convention[edit]

• William Henry Grey, Arkansas Constitutional Convention (1868)
• James T. White, Arkansas Constitutional Convention (1868), commissioner of public works and internal improvements (1872)

Arkansas Senate[edit]

• James W. Mason (1871)
• James T. White (1871)
• Ruben B. White (1873)
• Samuel H. Holland (1873, 1874)
• Richard A. Dawson (1873, 1874)
• William Henry Grey (1875)
• Anthony Stanford (1877-1880)
• W. H. Logan, (1887, 1889)
• George Waltham Bell (1891)

Arkansas House[edit]

• Anderson Louis Rush (1868-1869)
• Richard R. Samuels (1868-1869)
• William Henry Grey (1868-1870)
• James T. White (1868-1870)
• James M. Alexander, Arkansas House (1871), first African-American justice of the peace as well as postmaster, school trustee, and grand jury member.
• Edward A. Fulton (1871)
• James A. Robinson, (1871, 1874–75)
• John W. Webb (1871)
• John C. Rollins (1873)
• John H. Johnson (1873)
• Abraham H. Miller (1874 - 1875)
• William Murphy (Arkansas politician) (1877)
• Anderson Ebberson (1877) for Jefferson County
• Barry Coleman (1877) for Phillips County, Arkansas
• James Wofford (1877) for Crittenden County, Arkansas
• T. H. Sawyer (1877) for Lincoln County[9]
• Crockett Brown (1877) for Lee County
• Jacob N. Donohoo (1877, 1887, 1889, 1891) for Phillips County, Arkansas
• Patrick T. Price (1877) for Lee County, Arkansas
• William Hines Furbush (1878)
• Anderson Ebberson (1881)
• William E. Gray (1881) Pulaski County 1881
• William C. Payne (1881)
• Carl R. Polk (1881)[10]
• Isaac George Bailey (1885)
• Joseph H. Bradford (1885)
• Joseph B. Brooks (1885)
• Green Hill Jones (1885 and 1889)
• George W. Bell, Arkansas House (1891 and 1893)
• Hugh C. Newsome (1887)
• John H. Carr (1889, 1891, 1893)
• Sebron Williams Dawson (1889, 1891)
• Henry A. Johnson (1891)
• R. C. Weddington (1891)
• Benjamin F. Adair (1891)
• John Gray Lucas (1891)
• George W. Lowe (1891)
• S. L. Woolfolk (1891)
• G. W. Watson (1891)
• Henry N. Williams (1891)
• Henry A. Johnson (1891)[9][11]
• Peter H. Booth (1893)
• Nathan E. Edwards (1893)

Local office[edit]

• Mifflin Wistar Gibbs, Arkansas, judge, younger brother of Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs.

Colorado[edit]

House[edit]

• John T. Gunnell (1881)
• Joseph H. Stuart (1895)

Local offices[edit]

• Henry O. Wagoner, clerk in the first Colorado State Legislature in 1876

Florida[edit]

• Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, Florida Secretary of State and Florida Secretary of Public Instruction

Senate[edit]

• Charles H. Pearce, 1870 to 1884
• Samuel Spearing, 1874
• Robert Meacham, 1876
• Henry Wilkins Chandler, 1881 to 1887
• Daniel C. Martin, Florida state senator in 1885 and 1887
• Josiah T. Walls, 1869 to 1870, 1876 to 1880

House[edit]

• Edward I. Alexander representing Madison County 1877, 1879, 1885[12]
• Samuel Anderson representing Duval County in 1887
• Josiah Haynes Armstrong representing Columbia County in 1871, 1872, and 1875
• Richard Horatio Black (February 11, 1839 - May 13, 1911), soldier, teacher, Volusia County registrar, Alachua County justice of the peace, Florida House of Representative for Alachua County 1869 and 1870, custom house position in Philadelphia[13]
• William Bradwell, delegate to the 1868 Florida Constitutional Convention, and member of the Florida House from Duval County 1868 to 1870
• Richard Lewis Brown Sr. (1854 - August 24, 1948), served in the Florida House of Representatives for Duval County in 1881 and 1883[14]
• Wallace B. Carr, Leon County 1881 and 1887
• Phillip Carroll (born March 1847), served in the Florida House of Representatives in 1881 from Leon County[15]
• Joseph Newman Clinton
• George C. Coleman (January 1851 - 1926) represented Nassau County, Florida in the House in 1881
• Oliver J. Coleman (1844 - May 29, 1926) represented Madison County, Florida in the House in 1871, 1872, and 1875. Also served in the Florida Senate in 1874, as a county commissioner, and Madison councilman[16]
• Singleton Coleman, Marion County (1873 and 1874)
• Robert H. Dennis, Jackson County
• Zebulon Elijah
• Lucien Fisher, Marion County
• Samuel W. Frazier, Leon County (1879, 1885 and 1887)
• Thomas Van Renssalaer Gibbs, Florida House of Representatives, son of Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs
• Birch Gibson, Marion County
• Noah Graham, Leon County (1868 to 1872)
• Henry Harmon, Alachua County (1868 to 1870)
• Frederick Hill, state representative
• Scipio Jasper, Marion County
• George A. Lewis
• John R. Scott Jr.
• John E. Proctor, Leon County (1873 to 1875, and 1879 to 1881)
• Samuel Small, Marion County
• Josiah T. Walls, Alachua County (1968)
• Andrew Jackson Junius, Jefferson County (1879)

Local officials[edit]

• James Page (minister), Leon County commissioner

Georgia[edit]

Georgia Satate Senate[edit]

• Aaron Alpeoria Bradley, state senator from Chatham County
• Tunis Campbell, State Senator from Georgia
• George Wallace, State Senator from Hancock, Baldwin and Washington counties

Georgia House of Representatives[edit]

• Eli Barnes, state legislator from Hancock County
• Abram Colby, state representative from Greene County
• James Ward Porter, state legislator from Chatham County
• Henry McNeal Turner, state legislator from Bibb County
• William Guilford, state legislator from Upson County
• William Henry Harrison, state legislator from Hancock County
• Thomas M. Allen, state representative from Jasper County
• Thomas Beard, state representative from Richmond County
• Edwin Belcher, state representative from Wilkes County
• George H. Clower, state representative from Monroe County
• Abram Colby, state representative from Greene County
• Romulus Moore, state representative from Columbia County
• John T. Costin, state representative from Talbot County
• Madison Davis, state representative from Clarke County
• Monday Floyd, state representative from Morgan County
• F. H. Fyall, state representative from Macon County
• Samuel Gardner, state representative from Warren County
• William A. Golden, state representative from Liberty County
• Ulysses L. Houston, state representative from Bryan County
• James M. Simms, state representative from Chatham County
• Philip Joiner, state representative from Dougherty County
• George Linder, state representative from Laurens County
• Robert Lumpkin, state representative from Macon County
• Peter O'Neal, state representative from Baldwin County
• Alfred Richardson, state representative from Clarke County
• Alexander Stone, state representative from Jefferson County
• Abraham Smith, state representative from Muscogee County
• John Warren, state representative from Burke County
• Samuel Williams, state representative from Harris County
• Hercules Wilson, state representative from McIntosh County (1882-1885)
• Amos Rogers, state representative from McIntosh County (1878-1879)
• Lectured Crawford, state representative from McIntosh County (1886-1887, 1890-1891, 1900–1901)
• Jack Heard, state representative from Greene County (1873-1874)
• A. Simmons, state representative from Houston County (1871-1872)
• James Blue, state representative from Glynn County (1871-1877)
• J.A. Lewis, state representative from Stewart County (1871-1872)
• Thomas M. Butler, state representative from Camden County (1878-1879)
• John M. Holzendorf, state representative from Camden County (1890-1891)

Other officials[edit]

• William Finch and George Graham, first two African Americans that were elected to serve on the Atlanta Board of Aldermen (now Atlanta City Council)

Illinois[edit]

Illinois House of Representatives[edit]

• John W. E. Thomas
• George French Ecton
• James E. Bish
• John C. Buckner
• William L. Martin
• Edward H. Morris

Indiana[edit]

Indiana did not have any African American legislators during the Reconstruction era,[17] with James S. Hinton being the first African American to serve in the Indiana state legislature 1881–1882.

Kansas[edit]

Kansas did not have any African American legislators during the Reconstruction era,[17] with Alfred Fairfax being the first African American to serve in the Indiana state legislature 1888–1889.

Louisiana[edit]

In Louisiana, 24 African Americans served in the Louisiana Senate and more than 100 served in the Louisiana House of Representatives.[18]

In addition, six black men held statewide office in Louisiana, including the nation's first and second black acting governors.

• Oscar James Dunn, acting governor of Louisiana, May - July 1871[19]
• P.B.S. Pinchback, acting governor of Louisiana, December 1872 - January 1873

Three African Americans served as Louisiana's lieutenant governor.

• Oscar James Dunn, lieutenant governor, 1868–1871, first African American elected to a state-level position in the United States
• P.B.S. Pinchback, lieutenant governor, 1872
• Caesar Antoine, lieutenant governor, 1873-1877

Others served as secretary of state, state treasurer, and state superintendent of education.

• Pierre G. Deslonde, secretary of state
• Antoine Dubuclet, state treasurer
• William G. Brown, state superintendent of education

Members of the Louisiana Senate[edit]

• Theophile T. Allain served 1874-1880 (also representative)
• Caesar Antoine
• Alexander E. Barber served 1870-1874
• Raiford Blunt served 1872-1875 (also representative)
• J. Henri Burch
• Edward Butler served 1870-1874
• Thomas Cage served 1872-1880 (also representative)
• Oscar Crozier of Lafourche, served 1874-April 1875
• Emile Detiège served 1874-1876
• Andrew Dumont served 1874-1878 (also representative)
• Alexander R. François 1868-69 murdered
• John Gair
• Jacques Gla
• William Harper
• James H. Ingraham
• George Y. Kelso
• Pierre Caliste Landry
• Jules A. Masicot
• Andrew Monette
• P. B. S. Pinchback
• Robert Poindexter
• Curtis Pollard
• T. B. Stamps
• David Young[20]

Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives[edit]

• Curron J. Adolphe - New Orleans 1868-72
• Frank Alexander (b. 1838/9) - New Orleans 1868-70
• Theophile T. Allain (and senate)
• Arthur Antoine
• Raiford Blunt (also senator)
• Thornton Butler
• Joseph Connaughton (politician)
• Aristede Dejoie
• Andrew Dumont served 1872-1874
• Jean-Baptiste Esnard
• Robert Isabelle
• Pierre Caliste Landry
• Charles Leroy
• Joseph Mansion
• Louis A. Martinet
• Jules A. Masicot (1868-1872)
• Milton Morris, represented Ascension Parish
• William Murrell
• William Murrell Jr.
• Anthony Overton, Sr., father of Anthony Overton[21]
• Robert R. Ray
• Victor Rochon
• Roberta Taylor
• R. M. J. Kenners[22]
• W. C. Williams[22]

Local offices[edit]

• Pierre Caliste Landry, mayor of Donaldsonville, the first African American mayor elected in the United States
• Thomas Morris Chester, superintendent of school district (1875)
• James Lewis, administrator of public improvements in New Orleans in 1872, appointed New Orleans naval officer in 1877
• Pierre Magloire, Avoyelles Parish Sheriff, Louisiana (1872)
• Alexander Noguez, Avoyelles Parish Sheriff, Louisiana (1868–1872)

Maryland[edit]

Local offices[edit]

• William Butler, Member of the Annapolis Board of Aldermen (1873)
• William H. Day, Baltimore Inspector of Schools, in 1878 he was elected to the school board of directors at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Massachusetts[edit]

Massachusetts House of Representatives[edit]

• Edward G. Walker, 1866
• Charles Lewis Mitchell, 1866
• John J. Smith, Massachusetts House, 1868, 1872
• George Lewis Ruffin, Massachusetts House, 1870
• Lewis Hayden, Massachusetts House, 1873
• Joshua Bowen Smith, Massachusetts House, 1873
• George W. Lowther, Massachusetts House, 1878
• Julius C. Chappelle, Massachusetts House, 1883
• William O. Armstrong, Massachusetts House, 1887
• Andrew B. Lattimore, Massachusetts House, 1889
• Charles E. Harris, Massachusetts House, 1892
• Robert T. Teamoh, Massachusetts House, 1894
• William L. Reed, Massachusetts House, 1896

Massachusetts Local officers[edit]

• James Monroe Trotter, mail agent

Michigan[edit]

House[edit]

• William Webb Ferguson, 1893
• Joseph H. Dickinson, 1897

local offices[edit]

• Samuel C. Watson, State Board of Estimates, 1875; Detroit City Council, 1875, 1883-1886

Minnesota[edit]

Minnesota did not have any African American legislators during the Reconstruction era,[17] with John Francis Wheaton being the first African American to serve in the Minnesota state legislature as a representative 1899–1900.

Mississippi[edit]

The Mississippi Plan was part of an organized effort campaign of terror and violence the Democratic Party and Ku Klux Klan used to disenfranchise African Americans in Mississippi, block them from holding office, end Reconstruction, and restore white supremacy in the state.

U.S. Senate[edit]

Mississippi was the only U.S. state that elected African American candidates to the U.S. Senate during the Reconstruction Era:

• Hiram Rhodes Revels (R), Senator from Mississippi (1870-1871)
• Blanche Bruce (R), Senator from Mississippi (1875-1881)

Photo composite of Mississippi state legislators in 1874 by E. von Seutter

Members of the Mississippi Senate[edit]

• George W. Albright represented Marshall County, Mississippi from 1874 to 1879
• Peter Barrow
• Countelow M. Bowles 1872-75 and 1877-78
• Blanche Bruce, Bolivar County sheriff, tax collector, supervisor of education; sergeant-at-arms for the Mississippi state senate in 1870; state senator in 1874; andU.S. Senate in 1875-1881
• Charles Caldwell
• Alexander K. Davis
• Robert Gleed
• William H. Gray
• James Hill, Mississippi Secretary of State, Mississippi House of Representatives
• George C. Smith
• Isham Stewart
• T. W. Stringer (1870)[23]
• Jeremiah M. P. Williams[24]

Members of the Mississippi House of Representatives[edit]

• Anderson Boyd
• Jesse Freeman Boulden
• Countelow M. Bowles 1870-71 (also Senator)
• George F. Bowles
• George W. Boyd
• Orange Brunt
• J. W. Caradine
• James D. Cessor
• G. W. Chavis
• Benjamin Chiles
• Richard Christmas
• C. P. Clemons
• P. A. Cotton
• Willis Davis
• Weldon W. Edwards
• Samuel W. Fitzhugh
• George W. Gayles, Mississippi House of Representatives
• David S. Green
• Alfred Handy
• W. H. Harris
• Henry Harrison
• John Franklin Henry
• Wilson Hicks
• David Higgins
• Perry Howard
• J. H. Johnson
• William H. Jones
• Reuben Kendrick
• William Landers
• Samuel W. Lewis represented Madison County in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1884-1885
• John R. Lynch, Mississippi House of Representatives, elected to U.S. House of Representatives
• William H. Lynch
• D. F. J. Matthews
• Thomas McCain
• J. W. McFarland
• Marshall McNeese
• Joseph E. Monroe
• John H. Morgan
• George G. Mosley
• Cato Nathan
• Randle Nettles
• Lawrence W. Overton represented Noxubee County 1876
• James G. Patterson
• A. Peal
• Perry Peyton represented Bolivar County (1884-1885)
• James H. Piles
• J. W. Randolph
• Charles Reese (1872-1873)
• E. A. Richards
• A. A. Rogers
• Edmund Scarborough represented Holmes County, Mississippi (1870-1871)
• Nathan Shirley
• James S. Simmons
• Gilbert Smith
• Haskin Smith
• Joseph Smothers
• James J. Spelman Mississippi House of Representatives, justice of the peace and alderman of the city of Canton, Mississippi
• Thomas Sykes
• Robert Thompson
• Harrison H. Truehart
• Jefferson C. Walker
• George Washington (Mississippi)
• Tenant Weatherly
• Eugene Welborne Hinds County, Mississippi from 1874 to 1875
• George White (Mississippi)
• Ralph Williams[25]

Other[edit]

• Thomas Cardozo, Mississippi Superintendent of Education
• Alexander K. Davis, Lieutenant Governor, Mississippi House of Representatives
• James D. Lynch, Secretary of State of Mississippi

Nebraska[edit]

Members of the Nebraska House of Representatives[edit]

• Matthew Oliver Ricketts (1893 - 1897)[26]

Local offices[edit]

• Edwin R. Overall, appointed mail carrier in 1869

North Carolina[edit]

• Israel Abbott, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (1872-1874)[27]
• John O. Crosby, 1875 delegate from Warren County, North Carolina to the North Carolina State Constitutional Convention[28]
• James Walker Hood, commissioner for the states public schools and assistant superintendent of public instruction in North Carolina (1868-1871)[29]
• John S. Leary, North Carolina State legislature (1868-1871), alderman in Fayetteville, North Carolina (1876-1877)

Ohio[edit]

Members of the Ohio Senate[edit]

• John Patterson Green, 1892

Members of the Ohio House of Representatives[edit]

• George W. Williams, 1879
• John Patterson Green, 1882
• Benjamin W. Arnett, 1886
• Jere A. Brown, 1886
• Robert Harlan, 1886
• William H. Copeland, 1888
• George H. Jackson, 1892
• William H. Clifford, 1894
• Samuel B. Hill, 1894
• Harry Clay Smith, 1894-1898, 1899-1902
• William H. Parham, 1896
• William R. Stewart, 1896
• George A. Myers, 1897

Local offices[edit]

• Jeremiah A. Brown, Cleveland, bailiff of the county probate court, deputy sheriff and county prison turnkey, then clerk of the City Boards of Equalization and Revision.[30]
• Robert James Harlan, mail agent

South Carolina[edit]

A composite image of 63 "Radical Republicans" in the South Carolina Legislature in 1868 including 50 "negroes or mullatoes"

• Francis Lewis Cardozo, Secretary of State of South Carolina (1868 – 1872), South Carolina State Treasurer (1872 – 1877)
• Robert B. Elliott, State House lawmaker, and U.S. Representative from South Carolina
• Richard Theodore Greener, South Carolina school system commissioner, 1875.[31]
• Albert Osceola Jones, clerk of South Carolina House of Representatives, 1868-1876.[32]
• Robert Smalls, South Carolina Representative, South Carolina Senator, U.S. Representative
• D. Augustus Straker, South Carolina House of Representatives, also Inspector of Customs at the port of Charleston and clerk in the auditors office of the treasury in Washington
• Alonzo J. Ransier, Lt. Governor of South Carolina (December 3, 1870 – December 7, 1872) and later served as US Congressman (March 3, 1873 – March 3, 1875)
• Jonathan J. Wright, lawyer, South Carolina State Senator (November 24, 1868 – January 30, 1870) and First Black Associate Justice of South Carolina Supreme Court (January 11, 1870 – December 1, 1877)

Members of South Carolina Senate[edit]

• George W. Barber - Fairfield County (1868–1872)
• Isreal R. Bird - Fairfield County - Possibly a mistake as one found so far in one source and not in the papers of freedom lawmakers[33]
• Lawrence Cain - Edgefield (1872–1876)
• Richard H. Cain - Orangeburg (1868-1870)
• Henry Cardozo - Kershaw (1870-1874)
• Frederick A. Clinton - Lancaster (1868–1877)
• Hiram W. Duncan - Union County (1868–1872)
• Samuel L. Duncan - Orangeburg County (1876-1880)
• Sanders Ford - Fairfield County (1872-1873)
• Joseph A. Green - Orangeburg County
• Samuel Green - Beaufort County (1875-1877)
• Charles D. Hayne - Aiken County (1872–1876)
• Henry E. Hayne - Marion County (1868-1872)
• William R. Hoyt - Colleton County (1868-1870)
• James L. Jamison - Orangeburg County (1870–1872)
• William E. Johnston (1869-1877)
• John Lee - Chester County (1872-1874)
• Moses Martin - Fairfield County (1873-1876)
• Thomas E. Miller - Beaufort County (1880-1882)
• William Fabriel Myers - Colleton County (1874-1878)
• William B. Nash - Richland County (1868-1877)
• Joseph H. Rainey - Georgetown (1868-18170)
• Benjamin F. Randolph - Orangeburg County (1868)
• Thomas J. Reynolds - Beaufort County
• Hamilton Robinson - Beaufort County
• Robert Simmons - Berkeley County (1882-1886)
• Robert Smalls - Beaufort County (1870-1875)
• Dublin I. Walker - Chester County (1874-1877)
• Reverend Jared D. Warley - Clarendon County (1874-1877)
• Reverend Bruce H. Williams - Chester County (1876-1887)
• Lucius Winbush - Chester County (1868-1872) may be Wimbush
• Jonathan Jasper Wright - Beaufort County, South Carolina (1840-1887)

Members of South Carolina House of Representatives[edit]

• William Adamson representing Kershaw County from 1868 until 1870
• Frank Adamson representing Kershaw County from 1870 until 1874
• Jacob C. Allman representing Marion County from 1872 until 1876
• Robert B. Artson representing Charleston County from 1872 until 1874
• R. B. Anderson Georgetown County from 1890 to 1898
• William J. Andrews Sumter County from 1874 to 1876
• Samuel J. Bampfield Beaufort
• John B. Bascomb representing Beaufort County
• J. A. Baxter Georgetown County from 1884 to 1890
• W. W. Beckett representing Berkeley Countyfrom 1882 to 1884
• W. A. Bishop representing Greenville Countyfrom 1868 until 1870
• J. W. Bolts Georgetown County from 1898 to 1900 also served from 1900 to 1902
• Benjamin A. Bosemon representing Charleston County from 1868 until 1873
• John Boston representing Darlington County
• Joseph D. Boston representing Newberry County from 1868 until 1876
• James A. Bowley representing Georgetown County from 1869 until 1874
• E. M. Brayton Aiken
• Sampson S. Bridges Newberry
• Peter Bright Charleston
• William Brodie Charleston
• Stephen Brown Charleston
• Richard Bryan Charleston
• Benjamin Byos representing Berkeley County/Orangeburg County from 1870 until 1872
• H. Z. Burchmeyer Charleston
• Barney Burton Chester
• Everidge Cain Abbeville
• Edward J. Cain Orangeburg
• Lawrence Cain Edgefield
• Richard H. Cain Orangeburg
• Christian Wesley Caldwell representing Orangeburg from 1876 to 1878
• John A. Chestnut Kershaw
• Caesar P. Chisolm Colleton
• Simon P. Coker Barnwell
• Wilson Cooke Greenville
• Samuel Coleman Chester in 1875 and 1876
• Augustus Collins Clarendon
• Andrew W. Curtis Richland
• Abram Dannerly representing Orangeburg County
• Nelson Davies York County from 1873 to 1876
• James Davis Richland
• Thomas A. Davis representing Charleston County from 1870 until 1876
• Robert C. DeLarge Charleston
• Eugene Herriot Dibble Kershaw
• John Dix Orangeburg
• Samuel B. Doiley Charleston
• Paul B. Drayton representing Charleston County from 1880 to 1882
• William A. Driffle Colleton
• Samuel L. Duncan Orangeburg County
• S. C. Eckhard representing Charleston County from 1878 to 1880
• W. T. Elfe Charleston
• Robert B. Elliott representing Barnwell/Edgefield/Aiken
• William E. Elliott Charleston
• Henry H. Ellison Abbeville
• John Evans Williamsburg
• Philllip E. Ezekiel Beaufort
• Simeon Farr Union
• Simeon Farrow Union
• T. R. Fields Beaufort
• Adam P. Ford Charleston
• Ellis Forrest Orangeburg
• William H. Frazier Colleton
• B. G. Frederick Orangeburg
• John M. Freeman, Jr. Charleston
• Florian Henry Frost Williamsburg
• Reuben Gaither representing Kershaw County from 1870 until 1877
• William H. Gardner Sumter
• Stephen Gary representing Kershaw County from 1870-1872 and 1874-1876
• Hastings Gantt Beaufort
• John Gardner Edgefield
• Ebenezer F. George Kershaw
• John Gibson Fairfield
• Fortune Giles representing Williamsburg County
• John T. Gilmore Richland
• William C. Glover Charleston
• Mitchell Goggins Abbeville
• Aesop Goodson Richland
• David Graham Edgefield
• John G. Grant Marlboro
• William A. Grant Charleston
• Charles Samuel Green Georgetown
• John Green Edgefield
• Samuel Greene representing Beaufort County from 1870 until 1875
• Ishom Greenwood Newberry
• Thomas Hamilton Beaufort
• James J. Hardy representing Charleston County in 1870 and 1871
• Alfred Hart Darlington
• R. M. Harriett Georgetown
• David Harris Edgefield
• Eben Hayes representing Marion County
• Charles D. Hayne Barnwell
• James N. Hayne Barnwell
• William A. Hayne Marion
• Plato P. Hedges Charleston
• John T. Henderson Newberry
• James A. Henderson Newberry
• Gloster H. Holland Aiken County
• Abraham P. Holmes Colleton
• A. H. Howard Marion
• Allison W. Hough Kershaw
• Richard H. Humbert Darlington
• Barney Humphries Chester
• Allen Hudson Lancaster
• Alfred T. B. Hunter, state representative from Laurens County (1874 – 1876)
• Austin Jackson Barnwell
• Henry Jacobs Fairfield
• Burrell James Sumter
• James L. Jamison Orangeburg
• Paul W. Jefferson Aiken
• William R. Jervay Charleston
• Griffin C. Johnson Laurens
• John W. Johnson Marion
• D. J. J. Johnson Chesterfield
• Henry Johnson Fairfield
• William E. Johnston representing Sumter County in 1868-69 and 1769
• Samuel Johnson Charleston
• Marshall Jones Orangeburg
• A. H. Jones Charleston
• Paul E. Jones Orangeburg
• William H. Jones Georgetown
• Samuel I. Keith Darlington
• Jordan Lang Darlington
• John Lee Chester
• Levi Lee Fairfield
• George H. Lee Charleston
• Samuel J. Lee representing Edgefield County/Aiken County from 1868 until 1874
• Joseph W. Lloyd Charleston
• John Lilley Chester
• Aaron Logan Charleston
• Hutson J. Lomax representing Abbeville County
• William Lowman Richland
• William Maree Colleton
• Thomas Martin Abbeville
• Julius Mayer Barnwell
• James P. Mays Orangeburg
• Harry McDaniels Laurens
• Thomas D. McDowell Georgetown
• William J. McKinlay representing Orangeburg/Charleston
• John W. Meade York
• George M. Mears Charleston
• Edward C. Mickey Charleston
• Benjamin Middleton Barnwell
• Isaac Miller Fairfield
• M. Miller Fairfield
• Thomas E. Miller Beaufort from 1874 until 1880
• James Mills Laurens
• L. S. Mills Beaufort
• Syphax Milton Clarendon
• Charles S. Minort Richland
• F. S. Mitchell Beaufort
• Junius S. Mobley Union
• Alfred M. Moore Fairfield
• Shadrack Morgan Orangeburg
• William C. Morrison Beaufort
• William J. Moultrie Georgetown
• Jonas W. Nash representing Kershaw County
• William Nelson Clarendon
• Richard Neabitt Charleston
• Frederick Nix Jr. Barnwell
• Charles F. North Charleston
• Samuel Nuckles Union
• Nathaniel B. Myers Beaufort County 1870-75 and 1876-77
• Joseph Alexander Owens Barnwell County
• Robert John Palmer Richland
• Joseph Parker Charleston
• Jeffrey Pendergrass Williamsburg
• Wade Perrin Laurens
• James F. Peterson Williamsburg County from 1872 to 1878
• Edward Petty Charleston
• William G. Pinckney Charleston
• Thomas Pressley Williamsburg
• Isaac Prioleau Charleston
• Henry W. Purvis Lexington
• Warren W. Ramsey representing Sumter County from 1869 until 1876
• Alonzo J. Ransier Charleston
• Cain Ravenel Berkeley
• George A. Reed Beaufort
• A. C. Reynolds Beaufort
• J. C. Rice Beaufort
• Thomas Richardson Colleton
• Mark P. Richardson Berkeley
• Henry Riley Orangeburg
• Prince R. Rivers Edgefield/Aiken
• J. R. Rivers Beaufort
• Joseph Robinson Beaufort
• J. C. Rue Beaufort
• Alfred Rush Darlington
• Thaddeus K. Sasportas Orangeburg
• Sancho Saunders Chester
• William C. Scott Williamsburg
• Robert F. Scott Williamsburg
• W. H. Sheppard Beaufort
• Henry L. Shrewsburg Chesterfield
• Augustus Simkins Edgefield
• Paris Simpkins Edgefield
• Hercules Simmons Colleton
• Aaron Simmons Orangeburg
• Benjamin Simmons Beaufort
• Limus Simons Edgefield
• William Simons Richland
• Charles Sims Chester
• Andrew Singleton Berkeley
• James Singleton Berkeley
• Asbury L. Singleton Sumter
• J. P. Singleton Chesterfield
• Robert Smalls Beaufort
• Sherman Smalls Colleton
• Rev. W. Smalls Charleston
• James E. Smiling Sumter
• Abraham W. Smith Charleston
• Jackson A. Smith Darlington
• Powell Smythe Clarendon
• Butler Spears Sumter
• James A. Spencer Abbeville
• Nathaniel T. Spencer Charleston
• Charles H. Sperry Georgetown
• Henry Steele York
• Caesar Sullivan Laurens
• Robert Tarlton Colleton
• John W. Thomas Marlboro
• Benjamin A. Thompson Marion
• Samuel B. Thompson Richland
• Joseph Thompson Richland
• William M. Thomas Colleton
• Julius C. Tingman Charleston
• Robert Turner representing Charleston County from 1872 until 1873
• Richard M. Valentine representing Abbeville County in 1868
• John Vanderpool Charleston
• Thomas H. Wallace Berkeley
• Dublin Walker Chester from 1874 until 1877
• John Wallace Orangeburg
• Jared D. Warley Clarendon
• J. J. Washington Beaufort
• Archie Weldon Edgefield
• James Wells Richland
• John W. Westberry Sumter
• Ellison M. Weston Richland
• William James Whipper Beaufort
• John H. White
• Hannibal A. Wideman Abbeville County
• James Wigg Beaufort
• Charles M. Wilder Richland
• Bruce H. Williams Georgetown
• James Clement Wilson Sumter
• Zachariah W. Wines Darlington
• John B. Wright Charleston York County
• Smart Wright Charleston
• Prince Young Chester
• James M. Young Laurens

Local offices[edit]

• Harrison N. Bouey, probate judge in Edgefield County
• James Wagoner, trial justice in York County[34]

Tennessee[edit]

Only one African American served in the Tennessee Legislature during the 1870s, but more than a dozen followed in the 1880s as Republican's retook the governorship. They advocated for schools for African Americans, spoke against segregated public facilities some of which were off limits completely to African Americans, and advocated for voting rights protections.[35]

• Sampson W. Keeble (1873)
• John W. Boyd (1881 - 1884)
• Thomas F. Cassels (1881 - 1882)
• Isaac F. Norris (1881 - 1882)
• Thomas A. Sykes (1881 - 1882), also served in the North Carolina House of Representatives
• Leon Howard
• David F. Rivers (1883 - 1884)
• Greene E. Evans
• William A. Feilds (1885 - 1886)
• William C. Hodge
• Monroe W. Gooden (1887-1889)
• Samuel A. McElwee, member of the Tennessee General Assembly (1883 - 1888)
• Styles Linton Hutchins (1887 - 1888)
• Jesse M. H. Graham[36]

Texas[edit]

Four African-Americans won election to the Texas Senate and 32 others served in the Texas House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era.[37]

Members of the Texas Senate[edit]

• George Thompson Ruby (1870-1871 and 1873)
• Walter Moses Burton represented District 13 (Austin, Fort Bend, and Wharton Counties) 1874-1876 and District 17 (Fort Bend, Waller, and Wharton Counties) 1876-1883
• Matthew Gaines represented District 16 from 1870-1873
• Walter E. Riptoe (Riptoe/Ripeton)[38]

Members of the Texas House of Representatives[edit]

• Richard Allen (1869), ran for Lieutenant Governor in 1878
• Edward Anderson
• Alexander Asberry
• Houston A. P. Bassett
• Thomas Beck
• D. W. Burley
• Silas Cotton
• Bird Davis
• Goldsteen Dupree
• Robert J. Evans[39]
• Jacob E. Freeman
• Harriel G. Geiger
• Melvin Goddin
• Bedford G. Guy
• Nathan H. Haller
• Jeremiah J. Hamilton
• William H. Holland
• Mitchell Kendall
• Robert A. Kerr
• Doc C. Lewis[40]
• Robert A. Kerr (1842–1912)
• David Medlock
• John Mitchell (Texas legislator)
• Henry Moore (Texas legislator)
• Robert J. Moore
• Sheppard Mullens
• Edward Patton
• Henry Phelps
• Meshack R. Roberts
• Alonzo Sledge
• Robert Lloyd Smith
• Henry Sneed
• James H. Washington[41]
• Allen W. Wilder[42]
• Benjamin Franklin Williams[43]
• Richard Williams[44]
• George W. Wyatt[45]
• E. C. Mobley (1883) representing Robertson County

Virginia[edit]

The Virginia Senate enacted Joint Resolution No. 89 in 2012 recognising that although federal Reconstruction ended in 1877 due to Jim Crow laws Reconstruction in Virginia lasted from 1869 to 1890.[46]

Members of the Virginia Senate[edit]

• James W. D. Bland represented Prince Edward County from 1869 to 1870
• Cephas L. Davis represented Mecklenburg County from 1879 to 1880
• John M. Dawson represented Charles City, Elizabeth City, James City, Warwick, and York counties from 1874 to 1877
• Joseph P. Evans represented Petersburg County from 1874 to 1875
• Nathaniel M. Griggs represented Prince Edward County from 1887 to 1890
• James R. Jones represented Mecklenburg County from 1875 to 1877 and from 1881 to 1883
• Isaiah L. Lyons represented Surry, York, Elizabeth City, and Warwick counties from 1869 to 1871
• William P. Moseley represented Goochland County from 1869 to 1871
• Francis "Frank" Moss represented Buckingham County from 1869 to 1871
• Daniel M. Norton represented James City and York Counties from 1871 to 1873 and from 1877 to 1887
• Guy Powell representing Nottoway , Lunenburg , and Brunswick Counties from 1875 to 1878
• John Robinson represented Cumberland County from 1869 to 1873
• William N. Stevens represented Petersburg County from 1871 to 1878, and Sussex County from 1881 to 1882
• George Teamoh represented Norfolk County from 1869 to 1871

Members of the Virginia House of Delegates[edit]

• William H. Andrews represented Surry County from 1869 to 1871
• William H. Ash represented Amelia and Nottoway counties from 1887 to 1888
• Briton Baskerville, Jr. represented Mecklenburg County from 1887 to 1888
• Edward David Bland represented Prince George and Surry counties from 1879 to 1884
• Phillip S. Bolling represented Cumberland and Buckingham counties
• Samuel P. Bolling represented Cumberland and Buckingham Counties 1884 - but his eligibility was successfully challenged by the Democratic Party and he was removed
• Tazewell Branch represented Prince Edward County from 1874 to 1877
• William H. Brisby represented New Kent County from 1869 to 1871
• Goodman Brown represented Prince George and Surry counties from 1887 to 1888
• Peter J. Carter represented Northampton County from 1871 to 1878
• Matt Clark represented Halifax County from 1874 to 1875
• George William Cole represented Essex County from 1879 to 1880
• Asa Coleman represented Halifax County from 1871 to 1873
• Johnson Collins represented Brunswick County from 1879 to 1880
• Aaron Commodore represented Essex County from 1875 to 1877
• Miles Connor represented Norfolk County from 1875 to 1877
• Henry Cox represented Chesterfield and Powhatan counties from 1869 to 1877
• Isaac Dabbs represented Charlotte County from 1875 to 1877
• McDowell Delaney represented Amelia County from 1871 to 1873
• Amos A. Dodson represented Mecklenburg County from 1883 to 1884
• Shed Dungee represented Cumberland and Buckingham counties from 1879 to 1882
• Jesse Dungey represented King William County from 1871 to 1873
• Isaac Edmundson represented Halifax County from 1869 to 1871
• Ballard T. Edwards represented Chesterfield and Powhatan counties from 1869 to 1871
• Joseph P. Evans representing Petersburg County from 1871 to 1873 (also Senator)
• William D. Evans represented Prince Edward County from 1877 to 1880
• William W. Evans represented Petersburg County from 1887 to 1888.
• William Faulcon represented Prince George and Surry counties from 1885 to 1887
• George Fayerman represented Petersburg County from 1869 to 1871
• James A. Fields represented Elizabeth City and James City counties from 1889 to 1890
• Alexander Q. Franklin represented Charles City County from 1889 to 1890
• William Gilliam represented Prince George County from 1871 to 1875
• James P. Goodwyn represented Petersburg County from 1874 to 1875
• Armistead Green represented Petersburg County from 1881 to 1884
• Robert G. Griffin represented James City and York counties from 1883 to 1884
• Nathaniel M. Griggs represented Prince Edward County from 1883 to 1884 (also Senator)
• Ross Hamilton represented Mecklenburg County from 1869 to 1882, and from 1889 to 1890
• Alfred W. Harris represented Petersburg County from 1881 to 1888
• H. Clay Harris represented Halifax County from 1874 to 1875
• Henry C. Hill represented Amelia County from 1874 to 1875
• Charles E. Hodges representingNorfolk County from 1869 to 1871
• John Q. Hodges represented Princess Anne County from 1869 to 1871
• Henry Johnson represented Amelia and Nottoway counties from 1889 to 1890
• Benjamin Jones represented Charles City County from 1869 to 1871
• James R. Jones represented Mecklenburg County from 1885 to 1887 (also Senator)
• Peter K. Jones representing Greensville County from 1869 to 1877
• Robert G. W. Jones represented Charles City County from 1869 to 1871
• Rufus S. Jones represented Elizabeth City and Warwick counties from 1871 to 1875
• William H. Jordan represented Petersburg County from 1885 to 1887
• Alexander G. Lee represented Elizabeth City and Warwick from 1877 to 1879[47]
• Neverson Lewis represented Chesterfield and Powhatan counties from 1879 to 1882
• James F. Lipscomb represented Cumberland County from 1869 to 1877
• William P. Lucas represented Louisa County from 1874 to 1875
• John W. B. Matthews represented Petersburg County from 1871 to 1873
• J. B. Miller, Jr. represented Goochland County from 1869 to 1871
• Peter G. Morgan represented Petersburg County from 1869 to 1871
• Francis "Frank" Moss representing Buckingham County from 1874 to 1875 (also Senator)
• Armistead S. Nickens represented Lancaster County from 1871 to 1875
• Frederick S. Norton represented James City and Williamsburg counties in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1869 to 1871
• Robert Norton representing Elizabeth City and York counties from 1869 to 1872 and from 1881 to 1882
• Alexander Owen represented Halifax County from 1869 to 1871
• Littleton Owens represented Princess Anne County from 1879 to 1882
• Richard G. L. Paige represented Norfolk County from 1871 to 1875 and from 1879 to 1882
• William H. Patterson represented Charles City County from 1871 to 1873
• Caesar Perkins represented Buckingham County from 1869 to 1871 and from 1887 to 1888
• Fountain M. Perkins represented Louisa County from 1869 to 1871[48]
• John W. Poindexter represented Louisa County from 1875 to 1877
• Joseph B. Pope represented Southampton County from 1879 to 1880
• Guy Powell represented Brunswick County from 1881 to 1882 (also Senator)
• William H. Ragsdale represented Charlotte County from 1869 to 1871
• John H. Robinson represented Elizabeth City and James City, and York counties from 1887 to 1888
• R. D. Ruffin represented Dinwiddie County from 1875 to 1876
• Archer Scott represented Amelia and Nottoway counties from 1875 to 1877 and from 1879 to 1884
• George L. Seaton represented Alexandria County from 1869 to 1871
• Dabney Smith represented Charlotte County from 1881 to 1882
• Henry D. Smith represented Greensville County from 1879 to 1880
• Robert M. Smith represented Elizabeth City and Warwick counties from 1875 to 1877
• John B. Syphax represented Arlington County from 1874 to 1875
• Henry Turpin represented Goochland County from 1871 to 1873
• John Watson represented Mecklenburg County in 1869
• Maclin C. Wheeler represented Brunswick County from 1883 to 1884
• Robert H. Whitaker represented Brunswick County from 1875 to 1877
• Ellis Wilson represented Dinwiddie County from 1869 to 1871

Virginia Constitutional Convention[edit]

• Thomas Bayne
• John Wesley Cromwell, Clerk of the Virginia Constitutional Convention (1867), Washington D.C. government clerk

Other offices[edit]

• P. H. A. Braxton, constable in King William County in 1872, collector at the United States Custom House in Westmoreland County

Washington[edit]

Washington did not have any African American legislators during the Reconstruction era,[17] with William Owen Bush being the first African American to serve in the Washington state legislature 1889–1891.

West Virginia[edit]

West Virginia did not have any African American legislators during the Reconstruction era,[17] with Christopher Payne being the first African American to serve in the West Virginia state legislature 1896.

Wyoming[edit]

Wyoming did not have any African American legislators during the Reconstruction era,[17] with William Jefferson Hardin being the first African American to serve in the Wyoming state legislature 1879 - 1883.

Washington, D.C.[edit]

• Solomon G. Brown, House of Delegates for Washington D.C. (1871-1874), employee at the Smithsonian[49]
• John Mercer Langston, appointed member of the Board of Health of the District of Columbia
• John H. Smythe, 1872, clerk in the U.S. Census Bureau, clerk in the Treasury department, 1878 ambassador to Liberia
• William E. Matthews, clerk in the United States Postal Service in Washington D.C. in 1870, the first black person to receive an appointment in that department[50]
• Josiah T. Settle, reading clerk of the Washington, D.C. House of Delegates (1872), clerk in the Board of Public Works, as an accountant in the Board of Audits, and as a trustee of the county schools for the district

See also[edit]

• List of African-American United States senators
• List of African-American United States representatives
• List of African-American Republicans
• List of African American firsts

References[edit]

1. ^ "Reconstruction | Definition, Summary, Timeline & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2. ^ "x-index :: Reconstruction :: Politics :: Lest We Forget". lestweforget.hamptonu.edu.
3. ^ "Archives/Five: 1872 Alabama Senate Reconstruction Photograph (Video) | Alabama Blogs & Entertainment".
4. ^ https://archives.alabama.gov/afro/AfricanAmerican%20Legislators%20in%20Reconstruction%20Alabama1867.pdf[bare URL PDF]
5. ^ "Black members of the Alabama Legislature who served during reconstruction - Alabama Historical Markers on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com.
6. ^ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p390-393
7. ^ "A family legacy: Local woman recounts grandfather's public service following Reconstruction". texarkanagazette.com.
8. ^ "Black History Month 2021". Arkansas House of Representatives.
9. ^ a b "Carl H. Moneyhon". peace.saumag.edu.
10. ^ Dawson, R. (December 31, 1881). "1881 House of Representatives composite photo of the Twenty-Second General Assembly of the State of Arkansas". Arkansas General Assembly Composite Images, 1866-2011.
11. ^ "Arkansas Times - February 5, 2015". Issuu.
12. ^ Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867 - 1924 by Carter Brown Jr. University of Alabama Press (1998) page 71
13. ^ Florida's Black Public Officials by Canter Brown Jr. page 75
14. ^ Florida's Black Public Officials page 77
15. ^ Florida's Black Public Officials page 78
16. ^ Florida's Black Public Officials 1867 - 1924 by Canter Brown Jr., University of Alabama Press, 1998
17. ^ a b c d e f Foner, Eric (August 1, 1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2082-8. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
18. ^ Vincent, Charles (January 28, 2011). Black Legislators in Louisiana during Reconstruction. SIU Press. ISBN 9780809385812 – via Google Books.
19. ^ Edwards, Barrington S.., Weldon, Nick., Mitchell, Brian K.. Monumental: Oscar Dunn and His Radical Fight in Reconstruction Louisiana. United States: The Historic New Orleans Collection, 2021.
20. ^ Vincent, Charles (January 28, 2011). Black Legislators in Louisiana during Reconstruction. SIU Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-8581-2. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
21. ^ Obituary: Anthony Overton Sr." (Lawrence KS) Western Recorder, April 18, 1884, p.3
22. ^ a b Vincent, Charles (1976). "Louisiana's Black Legislators and Their Efforts to Pass a Blue Law During Reconstruction". Journal of Black Studies. 7 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1177/002193477600700104. JSTOR 2783730. S2CID 143949628 – via JSTOR.
23. ^ Work, Monroe N.; Staples, Thomas S.; Wallace, H. A.; Miller, Kelly; McKinlay, Whitefield; Lacy, Samuel E.; Smith, R. L.; McIlwaine, H. R. (1920). "Some Negro Members of Reconstruction Conventions and Legislatures and of Congress". The Journal of Negro History. 5 (1): 73. doi:10.2307/2713503. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2713503. S2CID 149610698.
24. ^ "Jeremiah M. P. Williams (Adams County) · Against All Odds: The First Black Legislators in Mississippi · Mississippi State University Libraries". msstate-exhibits.libraryhost.com.
25. ^ Freedom's Lawmakers page xlv
26. ^ Fletcher, ~ Adam F. C. (March 18, 2019). "A History of North Omaha's African American Legislators".
27. ^ Foner, Eric (August 1, 1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807120828.
28. ^ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p422-425
29. ^ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p133-143
30. ^ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p113-117
31. ^ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p327 – 335
32. ^ Eichelberger, Julia; Fick, Sarah. "14 Green Way - Built for an African American during Reconstruction, later served as a women's residence hall". Discovering Our Past: College of Charleston Histories. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
33. ^ "South Carolina Legislature Online - Search". www.scstatehouse.gov.
34. ^ 1870 York County Census, p. 77
35. ^ Cartwright, Joseph H. (1973). "Black Legislators in Tennessee in the 1800's: A Case Study in Black Political Leadership". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 32 (3): 265–284. JSTOR 42623393.
36. ^ "African American Legislators". tennsos.org.
37. ^ "Early African-American Senators | TSLAC". www.tsl.texas.gov.
38. ^ "Texas Legislators: Past & Present - Mobile". lrl.texas.gov.
39. ^ "Legislative Reference Library | Legislators and Leaders | Member profile". lrl.texas.gov.
40. ^ "Texas Legislators: Past & Present - Mobile". lrl.texas.gov.
41. ^ "TSHA | Washington, James H." www.tshaonline.org.
42. ^ "TSHA | Wilder, Allen W." www.tshaonline.org.
43. ^ "TSHA | Williams, Benjamin Franklin". www.tshaonline.org.
44. ^ "TSHA | Williams, Richard". www.tshaonline.org.
45. ^ "TSHA | Wyatt, George W." www.tshaonline.org.
46. ^ "Bill Tracking - 2012 session > Legislation". leg1.state.va.us. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
47. ^ "Alexander G. Lee (d. by October 10, 1901) – Encyclopedia Virginia". Retrieved April 23, 2022.
48. ^ "Fountain M. Perkins (1816 or 1817–1896) – Encyclopedia Virginia". Retrieved April 23, 2022.
49. ^ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p291-295
50. ^ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p246-251

Further reading[edit]

• A Brief Biography of John Willis Menard from Southern University's John B. Cade Library
• Bailey, Richard. Black Officeholders During the Reconstruction of Alabama, 1867-1878 (Pyramid Publishing) Available from author.
• Bailey, Richard. Neither Carpetbaggers Nor Scalawags: Black Officeholders During the Reconstruction of Alabama, 1867-1878. Montgomery: Richard Bailey Publishers, 1995.
• Canter Brown, Jr. Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867-1924. Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 1998.
• Eric Foner ed., Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction Revised Edition. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996). ISBN 0-8071-2082-0. Between 1865 and 1877, about two thousand blacks held elective and appointive offices in the South. A few are relatively well-known, but most have been obscure and omitted from official state histories. Foner profiles more than 1,500 black legislators, state officials, sheriffs, justices of the peace, and constables in this volume.
• John Hope Franklin "John Roy Lynch: Republican Stalwart from Mississippi" in Howard Rabinowitz (ed.), Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era, (Urbana: 1982) and reprinted in John Hope Franklin, Race and History: Selected Essays, 1938-1988, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989
• Mifflin Wistar Gibbs Shadow and Light: An Autobiography Autobiography with Reminiscences of the Last and Present Century, Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
• Rabinowitz, Howard N. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era (University of Illinois Press: 1982)[1] Section on "Congressmen" includes profiles of "John R. Lynch: Republican Stalwart from Mississippi" by John Hope Franklin, "James T. Rapier of Alabama and the Noble Cause of Reconstruction" by Loren Schweninger, and "James O'Hara of North Carolina: Black Leadership and Local Government" by Eric Anderson.

External links[edit]

• African American Legislators in Virginia
• Black Legislators in Georgia

Which of the following is true of African American officeholders in the South during Reconstruction quizlet?

What was the impact of the attempt by some black legislators to regulate wages for black workers quizlet?

Why were black political leaders unsuccessful in achieving their goals quizlet?

What is true about the end of Reconstruction quizlet?