What term describes the relationship of one part of an object to another part?

Question

The Document Object Model (DOM) is the data representation of the objects that comprise the structure and content of a document on the web. This guide will introduce the DOM, look at how the DOM represents an HTML document in memory and how to use APIs to create web content and applications.

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What refers to the relationship between the parts of an object and the whole?
What term describes the size of an object in relation to the objects around it?
What type of relationship in class diagrams describes the situation where object A contains object B and object B is part of object A?
Which of the terms below means the ratio of the size of one element to another?

The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface for web documents. It represents the page so that programs can change the document structure, style, and content. The DOM represents the document as nodes and objects; that way, programming languages can interact with the page.

A web page is a document that can be either displayed in the browser window or as the HTML source. In both cases, it is the same document but the Document Object Model (DOM) representation allows it to be manipulated. As an object-oriented representation of the web page, it can be modified with a scripting language such as JavaScript.

For example, the DOM specifies that the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

1 method in this code snippet must return a list of all the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

2 elements in the document:

const paragraphs = document.querySelectorAll("p");
// paragraphs[0] is the first <p> element
// paragraphs[1] is the second <p> element, etc.
alert(paragraphs[0].nodeName);

All of the properties, methods, and events available for manipulating and creating web pages are organized into objects. For example, the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

3 object that represents the document itself, any

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

4 objects that implement the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

5 DOM interface for accessing HTML tables, and so forth, are all objects.

The DOM is built using multiple APIs that work together. The core DOM defines the entities describing any document and the objects within it. This is expanded upon as needed by other APIs that add new features and capabilities to the DOM. For example, the HTML DOM API adds support for representing HTML documents to the core DOM, and the SVG API adds support for representing SVG documents.

The previous short example, like nearly all examples, is JavaScript. That is to say, it is written in JavaScript, but uses the DOM to access the document and its elements. The DOM is not a programming language, but without it, the JavaScript language wouldn't have any model or notion of web pages, HTML documents, SVG documents, and their component parts. The document as a whole, the head, tables within the document, table headers, text within the table cells, and all other elements in a document are parts of the document object model for that document. They can all be accessed and manipulated using the DOM and a scripting language like JavaScript.

The DOM is not part of the JavaScript language, but is instead a Web API used to build websites. JavaScript can also be used in other contexts. For example, Node.js runs JavaScript programs on a computer, but provides a different set of APIs, and the DOM API is not a core part of the Node.js runtime.

The DOM was designed to be independent of any particular programming language, making the structural representation of the document available from a single, consistent API. Even if most web developers will only use the DOM through JavaScript, implementations of the DOM can be built for any language, as this Python example demonstrates:

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

For more information on what technologies are involved in writing JavaScript on the web, see JavaScript technologies overview.

You don't have to do anything special to begin using the DOM. You use the API directly in JavaScript from within what is called a script, a program run by a browser.

When you create a script, whether inline in a

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

6 element or included in the web page, you can immediately begin using the API for the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

3 or

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

8 objects to manipulate the document itself, or any of the various elements in the web page (the descendant elements of the document). Your DOM programming may be something as simple as the following example, which displays a message on the console by using the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

9 function:

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

As it is generally not recommended to mix the structure of the page (written in HTML) and manipulation of the DOM (written in JavaScript), the JavaScript parts will be grouped together here, and separated from the HTML.

For example, the following function creates a new

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

0 element, adds text to that element, and then adds it to the tree for the document:

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

This page tries to describe the various objects and types in simple terms. But there are a number of different data types being passed around the API that you should be aware of.

Note: Because the vast majority of code that uses the DOM revolves around manipulating HTML documents, it's common to refer to the nodes in the DOM as elements, although strictly speaking not every node is an element.

The following table briefly describes these data types.

Data type (Interface)Description

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

1When a member returns an object of type

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

3 (e.g., the

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

3 property of an element returns the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

3 to which it belongs), this object is the root

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

3 object itself. The DOM

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

3 Reference chapter describes the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

3 object.

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

8Every object located within a document is a node of some kind. In an HTML document, an object can be an element node but also a text node or attribute node.

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

9The

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

0 type is based on

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

1. It refers to an element or a node of type

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

0 returned by a member of the DOM API. Rather than saying, for example, that the

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

3 method returns an object reference to a

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

1, we just say that this method returns the

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

0 that has just been created in the DOM.

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

0 objects implement the DOM

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

9 interface and also the more basic

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

8 interface, both of which are included together in this reference. In an HTML document, elements are further enhanced by the HTML DOM API's

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

9 interface as well as other interfaces describing capabilities of specific kinds of elements (for instance,

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

5 for

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

1 elements).

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

2A

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

3 is an array of elements, like the kind that is returned by the method

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

4. Items in a

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

3 are accessed by index in either of two ways:

list.item(1)
list[1]

These two are equivalent. In the first,

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

6 is the single method on the

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

3 object. The latter uses the typical array syntax to fetch the second item in the list.

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

8When an

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

9 is returned by a member (e.g., by the

<div class="container">
  <textarea class="story"></textarea>
  <button id="set-text" type="button">Set text content</button>
  <button id="clear-text" type="button">Clear text content</button>
</div>

0 method), it is an object reference that exposes a special (albeit small) interface for attributes. Attributes are nodes in the DOM just like elements are, though you may rarely use them as such.

<div class="container">
  <textarea class="story"></textarea>
  <button id="set-text" type="button">Set text content</button>
  <button id="clear-text" type="button">Clear text content</button>
</div>

1A

<div class="container">
  <textarea class="story"></textarea>
  <button id="set-text" type="button">Set text content</button>
  <button id="clear-text" type="button">Clear text content</button>
</div>

2 is like an array, but the items are accessed by name or index, though this latter case is merely a convenience for enumeration, as they are in no particular order in the list. A

<div class="container">
  <textarea class="story"></textarea>
  <button id="set-text" type="button">Set text content</button>
  <button id="clear-text" type="button">Clear text content</button>
</div>

2 has an

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

6 method for this purpose, and you can also add and remove items from a

<div class="container">
  <textarea class="story"></textarea>
  <button id="set-text" type="button">Set text content</button>
  <button id="clear-text" type="button">Clear text content</button>
</div>

2.

There are also some common terminology considerations to keep in mind. It's common to refer to any

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

8 node as an

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

9, for example, and to refer to an array of DOM nodes as a

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

3. You'll find these terms and others to be introduced and used throughout the documentation.

This guide is about the objects and the actual things you can use to manipulate the DOM hierarchy. There are many points where understanding how these work can be confusing. For example, the object representing the HTML

<div class="container">
  <textarea class="story"></textarea>
  <button id="set-text" type="button">Set text content</button>
  <button id="clear-text" type="button">Clear text content</button>
</div>

9 element gets its

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 200px;
}

0 property from the

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 200px;
}

1 interface but its

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 200px;
}

2 property from the

<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <script>
      // run this function when the document is loaded
      window.onload = () => {
        // create a couple of elements in an otherwise empty HTML page
        const heading = document.createElement("h1");
        const headingText = document.createTextNode("Big Head!");
        heading.appendChild(headingText);
        document.body.appendChild(heading);
      };
    </script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

9 interface. In both cases, the property you want is in that form object.

But the relationship between objects and the interfaces that they implement in the DOM can be confusing, and so this section attempts to say a little something about the actual interfaces in the DOM specification and how they are made available.

Many objects implement several different interfaces. The table object, for example, implements a specialized

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

5 interface, which includes such methods as

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 200px;
}

5 and

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 200px;
}

6. But since it's also an HTML element,

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

4 implements the

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

9 interface described in the DOM

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

9 Reference chapter. And finally, since an HTML element is also, as far as the DOM is concerned, a node in the tree of nodes that make up the object model for an HTML or XML page, the table object also implements the more basic

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

8 interface, from which

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

9 derives.

When you get a reference to a

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

4 object, as in the following example, you routinely use all three of these interfaces interchangeably on the object, perhaps without knowing it.

const table = document.getElementById("table");
const tableAttrs = table.attributes; // Node/Element interface
for (let i = 0; i < tableAttrs.length; i++) {
  // HTMLTableElement interface: border attribute
  if (tableAttrs[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() === "border") {
    table.border = "1";
  }
}
// HTMLTableElement interface: summary attribute
table.summary = "note: increased border";

This section lists some of the most commonly-used interfaces in the DOM. The idea is not to describe what these APIs do here but to give you an idea of the sorts of methods and properties you will see very often as you use the DOM. These common APIs are used in the longer examples in the DOM Examples chapter at the end of this book.

The

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

3 and

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

8 objects are the objects whose interfaces you generally use most often in DOM programming. In simple terms, the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

8 object represents something like the browser, and the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

3 object is the root of the document itself.

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

9 inherits from the generic

<body onload="console.log('Welcome to my home page!');">
  …
</body>

8 interface, and together these two interfaces provide many of the methods and properties you use on individual elements. These elements may also have specific interfaces for dealing with the kind of data those elements hold, as in the

# Python DOM example
import xml.dom.minidom as m
doc = m.parse(r"C:\Projects\Py\chap1.xml")
doc.nodeName # DOM property of document object
p_list = doc.getElementsByTagName("para")

4 object example in the previous section.

The following is a brief list of common APIs in web and XML page scripting using the DOM.

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

0

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

1

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

2

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

3

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

4

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

5

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

6

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

7

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

8

<div class="container">
  <div class="parent">parent</div>
  <button id="add-child" type="button">Add a child</button>
  <button id="remove-child" type="button">Remove child</button>
</div>

9

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 100px;
}

div.parent {
  border: 1px solid black;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

div.child {
  border: 1px solid red;
  margin: 10px;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 80px;
  height: 60px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

0

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 100px;
}

div.parent {
  border: 1px solid black;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

div.child {
  border: 1px solid red;
  margin: 10px;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 80px;
  height: 60px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

1

This example uses a

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 100px;
}

div.parent {
  border: 1px solid black;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

div.child {
  border: 1px solid red;
  margin: 10px;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 80px;
  height: 60px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

2 element containing a

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 100px;
}

div.parent {
  border: 1px solid black;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

div.child {
  border: 1px solid red;
  margin: 10px;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 80px;
  height: 60px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

2 and two

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 100px;
}

div.parent {
  border: 1px solid black;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

div.child {
  border: 1px solid red;
  margin: 10px;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 80px;
  height: 60px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

4 elements. When the user clicks the first button we create a new element and add it as a child of the

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  flex-direction: column;
}

button {
  width: 100px;
}

div.parent {
  border: 1px solid black;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
}

div.child {
  border: 1px solid red;
  margin: 10px;
  padding: 5px;
  width: 80px;
  height: 60px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

2. When the user clicks the second button we remove the child element. We use:

What refers to the relationship between the parts of an object and the whole?

Proportion refers to the relationship between one part of a design and another part or to the whole design. It is a comparison of sizes, shapes, and quantities.

What term describes the size of an object in relation to the objects around it?

Scale is the size of one object in relation to the other objects in a design or artwork. Proportion refers to the size of the parts of an object in relationship to other parts of the same object.