MAOIs were the first type of antidepressant developed, and became widely used in the 1950s. Show
A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, or MAOI, is a type of antidepressant drug. In addition to treating depression, MAOIs are sometimes used to treat such conditions as:
MAOIs balance the level of certain chemicals in the brain by inhibiting the enzyme known as monoamine oxidase. The following medicines are examples of MAOIs:
MAOIs were the first type of antidepressant developed, and became widely used in the 1950s. Today, a doctor typically prescribes an MAOI only when other antidepressantsfail, because newer drugs are often more effective and have fewer side effects. There is a risk of serious side effects, especially when MAOIs are combined with certain food or drugs. Some side effects of MAOIs include:
MAOIs — like all antidepressants — also carry a black-box warning about the potential for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In short-term studies, antidepressants increased the risk of suicidal tendencies in some children and young adults with depression or psychiatric disorders. MAOIs and Drug InteractionsMAOIs can cause serious reactions if you take them with certain other drugs. Be sure to tell your doctor and pharmacist all the medications you're taking before you take an MAOI. This includes prescriptions and over-the-counter medications, vitamins and other dietary supplements (nutritional shakes, protein powders, etc.), herbal remedies, and illegal or recreational drugs. MAOI DietCertain foods and drinks can cause dangerous reactions if they're taken with an MAOI. Your physician will probably tell you to avoid foods that contain high levels of tyramine, dopamine, and tryptophan. Some restricted foods may include:
Talk to your doctor about all dietary restrictions before taking an MAOI, and make sure you understand which foods and drinks to avoid. MAOIs and PregnancySince there is so little known about the effects of MAOIs on a developing baby, doctors generally avoid prescribing them during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Also, MAOIs may interact with other medications that you may need during labor and delivery. If you enjoy wine or aged, fermented, smoked, or pickled foods, then chances are tyramine shows up in your diet. Tyramine is an amino acid naturally produced by the breakdown of an amino acid called tyrosine. It’s also present in other foods, plants, and animals (1). Tyramine is generally safe to consume. However, if you experience migraine headaches or take monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), you may have heard that you should limit or avoid tyramine in your diet. That’s because tyramine can trigger migraine headaches, and it accumulates in your body when you’re taking MAOIs. People taking these medications need to be conscious of their tyramine intake because the accumulation can cause potentially dangerous side effects such as high blood pressure (2). This article will cover the relationship between tyramine and MAOIs and offer advice for different ways to limit tyramine in your diet, if you need to do so. Your adrenal glands generally respond to tyramine by sending catecholamines — fight-or-flight chemicals that act as both hormones and neurotransmitters — into your bloodstream. These messenger chemicals include (3):
The catecholamines give you a boost of energy and, in turn, elevate your blood pressure and heart rate. Most people consume tyramine-containing foods without experiencing any negative side effects. However, the release of this hormone can cause life threatening blood pressure spikes, especially if you consume tyramine in excess. summary If you’re taking MAOIs or you have migraine, you may benefit from following a tyramine-free diet. Following a low tyramine diet while taking MAOIsTyramine-rich foods might interact with medications or change how they work in your body. For example, certain MAOIs, including some antidepressants and medications for Parkinson’s disease, can cause tyramine buildup. Excessive tyramine intake may lead to a hypertensive crisis that can be fatal. A hypertensive crisis can occur when your blood pressure is so high that you have a greater chance of stroke or death (4, 5). If your body struggles to break down amines, such as tyramine and histamine, you may experience allergic-type reactions to small amounts of amines. A doctor or other healthcare professional may say that you’re “amine-intolerant.” For most people who are amine-intolerant, tyramine’s effects are most obvious when excessive amounts are present. At high enough levels of tyramine, you might experience symptoms like:
If you think you may be sensitive to tyramine, or if you’re taking MAOIs, report any symptoms to a healthcare professional. If you’re taking MAOIs and experience the following symptoms, seek immediate medical care:
Which MAOIs are used for depression?When deciding whether to limit tyramine consumption, consider whether you’re taking any of the following medications for the treatment of depression (6):
While MAOIs are not the front line of medications preferred for treating depression, those listed above are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat it (6, 7). If you and a healthcare professional you work with believe you should discontinue your MAOI, continue a tyramine-free diet for 14 days after stopping the medication. summary Some healthcare professionals recommend trying a low tyramine or tyramine-free diet as a treatment for migraine. The diet’s effectiveness for treating migraine isn’t medically proven. However, if you’d like to try it, the best way to start is to familiarize yourself with low and high tyramine foods, so that you know which to consume and which to limit or avoid. Keep a migraine and food journalIt might also be a good idea to keep a daily migraine symptom and food journal. This can help you discern any connections between certain foods and your migraine symptoms — whether these foods are high in tyramine or not. Record the following as you go about your day:
Doing this for a week or two may help you identify clear migraine triggers, as well as any high or moderate-tyramine foods you consume regularly. Eat the freshest foods possibleAnother tip for reducing tyramine in your diet is to eat the freshest foods possible. That’s because tyramine naturally forms as food sits around. While this isn’t an issue for most people, it can be a migraine trigger for some. To minimize the tyramine content in your food, try the following:
However, it’s a good idea to speak with a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian before making drastic changes to your diet — especially if you’re taking any medications. summary If you’re sensitive to tyramine or you’re taking MAOIs, you may want to limit your intake of tyramine-rich foods and beverages to lower your chances of tyramine buildup. High tyramine foodsCertain foods have high amounts of tyramine, especially foods that are fermented, cured, aged, or spoiled. Foods that concentrate more than 6 mg of tyramine per serving are considered high in tyramine. Specific foods with high tyramine content include (8, 9, 10):
Moderate tyramine foodsCertain foods concentrate moderate amounts of tyramine. If you want or need to limit tyramine, you should eat these only occasionally — no more than three servings of any foods on this list daily — and pay close attention to how you feel. Some cheeses and dairy products are less tyramine-rich than others, including (8):
Other foods with moderate levels of tyramine include:
You may be able to have some beer or certain other alcoholic drinks. Most bottled beers should be safe to drink in modest amounts, but avoid draft (tap) beer. Because wines are fermented, you should limit your intake to no more than 4 ounces per day — and be sure to check with a healthcare professional first. Low- or no-tyramine foodsFresh, frozen, and canned meats, including poultry and fish, are acceptable for low tyramine diets. You can also include the following:
If you decide to drink lower-tyramine liquors, be sure to do so with food. The food will slow down your body’s absorption of any trace tyramine in the liquor. If you experience side effects from any food or drink — whether it’s high or low in tyramine — discontinue eating or drinking that food or drink, and be sure to mention the reaction to a healthcare professional. summary A number of factors influence tyramine content, including when the food was produced, how it was stored, and its age (8). Even fresh and cooked food naturally develop tyramine as they sit in your refrigerator. Heat does not destroy tyramine, so cooking foods will not affect their tyramine content (8). If you want to limit your tyramine intake, follow these guidelines:
summary
Tyramine buildup in the body has been associated with migraine headaches and life threatening blood pressure spikes in people who are taking MAOI antidepressants. If you experience migraine headaches, think you may be intolerant to amines, or take MAOIs, you may want to consider a low tyramine or tyramine-free diet. Talk with a healthcare professional first and ask them whether this diet would work well for you. Which foods are high in tyramine?Examples of foods high in tyramine include:. Strong or aged cheeses, such as aged cheddar, Swiss and Parmesan; blue cheeses such as Stilton and Gorgonzola; and Camembert. ... . Cured meats, which are meats treated with salt and nitrate or nitrite, such as dry-type summer sausages, pepperoni and salami.. What foods are high in tyramine quizlet?Terms in this set (8). Veggies. Avocados, overripe or fermented bean curd, fermented soybean, and soybean paste.. Fruits. figs, bananas in large amounts.. meats. fermented/smoked/aged/spoiled meats/liver unless fresh.. sausage. fermented, bologna, pepperoni, salami and others.. fish. ... . milk and milk products. ... . Foods with yeast. ... . Beer, wine.. What is tyramine restricted diet?A tyramine restricted diet is designed to remove foods with tyramine for people taking MAOI medications (Mononamine oxidase inhibiting medications). This diet should be followed during the course of MAOI treatment and for three weeks after the medication is discontinued.
Which foods should be avoided by a client taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs )? Select all that apply one some or all responses may be correct quizlet?You'll need to avoid foods containing high levels of tyramine ― an amino acid that regulates blood pressure ― such as aged cheeses, sauerkraut, cured meats, draft beer and fermented soy products (for example, soy sauce, miso and tofu). The interaction of tyramine with MAOIs can cause dangerously high blood pressure.
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