"Race" and "ethnicity" are complex terms and often used interchangeably. These terms were initially separated to designate “race” as a biological quality and “ethnicity” as a cultural phenomenon. This distinction mirrors efforts to distinguish sex and gender. Unlike “sex” and “gender,” however, there is little agreement on core distinctions between race and ethnicity. Show Definition of Race Race as a Social Category Scientific Racism Definition of Geographical Ancestry Definition of Ethnicity Current
European Union Guidelines
Current U.S.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Guidelines
These guidelines specify that researchers must rely on subjects’ self-identification to collect data on race and ethnicity, and that respondents must be offered an opportunity to select more than one racial designation. These guidelines insist that “the categories in this classification are social-political constructs and should not be interpreted as being anthropological in nature.” Problems with Race and Ethnicity Analysis in Research
For a glossary of terms, see: American Heart Association, Structural Racism and Health Equity Language Guide (2021). Works CitedBailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural Racism and Health Inequities in the USA: Evidence and Interventions. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1453-1463. Churchwell, K., Elkind, M. S., Benjamin, R. M., Carson, A. P., Chang, E. K., Lawrence, W., ... & American Heart Association. (2020). Call to Action: Structural Racism as a Fundamental Driver of Health Disparities: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 142(24), e454-e468. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS). (2011). Allochtoon. http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/methoden/toelichtingen/alfabet/a/allochtoon.htm. Cornell, S., & Hartmann, D. (2007). Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Kurzban, R. (2003). Perceptions of Race. TRENDS in Cognitive Science, 4 (7), 173-179. Duster, T. (2009). Debating Reality and Relevance. Science, 324 (5931), 1144-145. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). (1998). ECRI General Policy Recommendation Number 4 on National Surveys on the Experience and Perception of Discrimination and Racism from the Point of View of Potential Victims. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. European Parliment.
(1995). Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data. Official Journal of the European Communities, L281, 31. Feldman, M. & Lewontin, R. (2008). Race, Ancestry, and Medicine. In Revisiting Race in a Genomic Age. Ed. B. Koenig, Sandra S., S. Richardson. (Eds.) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2008, 89-101. Gould, S. J. (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. New York: Norton. Jackson, F. (2003). Ethnogenetic Layering: A Novel Approach to Determining Environmental Health Risks Among Children from Three U.S. Regions. Journal of Children’s Health, 1 (3), 369–386. Koenig, B., Lee, S., Richardson, S. (Eds.) (2008) Revisiting Race in a Genomic Age. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Krieger, N. (2000). Refiguring “Race”: Epidemiology, Racialized Biology, and Biological Expressions of Race Relations. International Journal of Health Services, 1 (30), 211-216. Pardue, M., & Wizemann, T. (Eds.) (2001). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group. (2005). The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and AncestralCategories in Human Genetics Research. American Journal of Human Genetics, 77, 519-532. Russett, C.E. (1989). Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Schiebinger, L. (2004). Nature’s Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Simon, P. (2007). “Ethnic” Statistics and Data Protection in the Council of Europe Countries. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Tucker, W. (1996). The Science and Politics of Racial Research. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. What are 3 characteristics of race?Colour includes, for example, being black or white.. Nationality includes, for example, being a British, Jamaican or Pakistani citizen.. Ethnic or national origins include, for example, being from a Roma background or of Chinese heritage.. What are the characteristics of different races?Most attempts at racial classifications have been based on combinations of appearance, such as skin color and shade, stature, facial features, hair color and texture, head form, nose shape, eye color and shape, height, and blood or gene type.
What are race differences?“Racial differences” should be defined as clinical, biological, genetic, or epigenetic factors associated with disease risk, outcome, or treatments not caused by social factors that vary in prevalence in population groups.
What are the characteristics of race and ethnicity?Race refers to the concept of dividing people into groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics and the process of ascribing social meaning to those groups. Ethnicity describes the culture of people in a given geographic region, including their language, heritage, religion and customs.
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