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| Question | Answer |
|---|
| top down model of ethical reasoning
| holds that we reach justified moral judgments through a structure of normative precepts that cover the judgments; is inspired by disciplines such as mathematics; involves applying a general norm to a clear case falling under the norms
|
| form of reasoning used in bottom up ethical thinking
| inductive
|
| at what point can a moral judge claim to have reached a considered judgment according to beauchamp and childress
| the judgment has been framed from an impartial perspective; the evaluator exhibits attitudes of sympathy and compassion; the evaluator possesses pertinent info about the relevant matters
|
| not a criterion listed by beauchamp and childress for a good theory of authoritative beliefs
| inalterability
|
| three types of justification of claims about a universal common morality
| empirical, normative theoretical, conceptual
|
| true or false: beauchamp and childress reject the use of the casuistical method of analogy in moral reasoning
| false
|
| true or false: proponents of casuistry point out that ethicists often agree on what is morally right to do in a given case, even if they don't agree on the reason or reasons why
| true
|
| true or false: common-morality theories and customary moralities are two expressions of the same thing
| false
|
| true or false: casuistry is similar to case law in its reliance on precedent to make moral decisions
| false
|
| true or false: beauchamp and childress claim that the four basic principles they describe in their book are an expression of the full moral content of the common morality
| false
|
| the set of universal norms shared by all persons committed to morality is called
| common morality
|
| the term __ refers to norms about right and wrong human conduct that are so widely shared that they form a stable social compact
| morality
|
| a conflict between moral requirements and nonmoral factors, such as self-interest, can be described as a:
| practical dilemma
|
| true or false: special roles and relationships in medicine require moral rules that other professions may not need
| true
|
| true or false: balancing is a matter of spontaneous, unreflective intuition without reasons
| false
|
| according to which moral theory is the right act in any circumstance the one that produces the best overall result as determined by the theory's account for value
| utilitarianism
|
| according to which moral theory does the moral worth of an individual's action depend exclusively on the moral acceptability of the general rule of conduct on which the person is acting
| kantianism
|
| according to which moral theory is the question "what would a person of superior character do in this context" ?
| virtue theory
|
| true or false: a simple moral theory that distills the demands of morality to a few basic norms is preferable to a theory with more norms but no additional content
| true
|
| true or false: act utilitarianism seems to suggest that killing one person to distribute his organs to several others who will die without them not only is permissible but also is morally obligatory
| true
|
| among the great strengths of a theory of moral status based on __ properties is that it tends to protect weak, vulnerable, and incapacitated human individuals
| human
|
| the account of moral theory based on __ properties holds that an individual has moral status iff that individual has the genetic code of Homo sapiens
| human
|
| according to this theory of moral status, just because an individual makes immoral judgments or has immoral motives does not mean that the person lacks __ __
| moral agency
|
| The argument from marginal cases” maintains that every major _____ criterion of moral status (intelligence, agency, self-consciousness, etc.) excludes some humans, including young children and humans with serious brain damage.
| cognitive
|
| Practices of abortion where fetuses are capable of _____ raise issues of moral coherence.
| sentience
|
| One way to overcome the limited sympathy one might feel for persons different from oneself is the deliberate exercise of _____ through calm and unbiased judgments.
| impartiality
|
| One way to make moral status practicable for bioethics is to develop _____ that specify the relationship between the criteria in the various theories of moral status
| guidelines
|
| ____________ is a generic term covering several different ways of understanding and examining the moral life.
| ethics
|
| _____________ ethics, in contrast to theoretical ethics, employs general concepts and norms to address particular problems.
| practical
|
| The term “________ __________” refers to a set of normative, enforceable guidelines accepted by an official public body, such as an agency of government or a legislature, to govern a particular area of conduct.
| public policy
|
| A ___________ ____________ is a circumstance in which moral obligations demand or appear to demand that a person adopt each of two (or more) alternative but incompatible actions, such that the person cannot perform all the required actions
| moral dilemma
|
| The principle of __________ is the moral norm of avoiding the causation of harm.
| nonmaleficence
|
| ____________ is a process of reducing the indeterminacy of abstract norms and generating rules with action-guiding content by narrowing the scope of moral norms.
| specification
|
| The ethical approach outlined in this chapter is now commonly called ____________.
| principlism
|
| Although we can expect only as much ________ and precision of language as is appropriate for the subject matter, more obscurity and vagueness exist in the literature of ethical theory and biomedical ethics than the subject matter warrants.
| clarity
|
| The principle of ________ asserts that we ought always to produce the maximal balance of positive value over disvalue—or the least possible disvalue—if only undesirable results can be achieved.
| utility
|
| In the moral theory known as ________, true moral obligation depends on an objectively valid rule determining the individual’s will; the rule provides a moral ground that justifies the action.
| Kantianism
|
| .“Deontological ________” identify certain actions that are impermissible regardless of the consequences. They are essentially negative duties that specify what we cannot justifiably do to others even in the pursuit of worthy goals.
| constraints
|
| Rights claims that are not honored constitute a ________ when this is unjustified and wrong, but only an ________ when the right has been justifiably overridden
| violation; infringement
|
| A ________ is a dispositional trait of character that is socially valuable and reliably present in a person.
| virtue
|
| Rights and obligations are often said to be ________, meaning that the language of rights is translatable into the language of obligations and vice versa.
| correlative
|
| ___________ is the use of case comparison and analogy to reach moral conclusions.
| casuistry
|
| ________ ________, as a form of ethical reasoning, is a way of bringing principles, judgments, and background theories into a state of equilibrium or harmony.
| reflective equilibrium
|
| According to John Rawls, as quoted by Beauchamp and Childress, the moral convictions in which we have the highest confidence and believe to have the least bias are _________ _________.
| considered judgments
|
| A moral belief that is used initially and without argumentative support needs to be tested for _______, or its consistency with other beliefs, norms, and experiences and the facts of given cases, before it can serve as an anchor of moral reflection.
| coherence
|
| The common morality anchors moral theory by capturing the _________ moral point of view, or the judgments and norms that make up moral thinking prior to systematization in a general ethical theory.
| pretheoretical
|
| Even when abstract moral norms do not change, often the ________ of their application can change, meaning that moral principles are deemed to apply to more or different groups than previously.
| scope
|
| ________ justification of common-morality theory would need to involve rigorous study of the moral beliefs of different cultures to show whether those cultures accept, ignore, abandon, or reject the standards of the common morality.
| empirical
|
| Positions on the moral status of embryos from in vitro fertilization do not include
| nonhuman life
|
| today's most influential theory of "moral agency" was originally developed by
| Immanuel Kant
|
| which of the following is not a property of sentience
| the capacity to intend harm
|
| a theory of moral status based primarily on sentience was developed by
| Jeremy Bentham
|
| expansive sympathy helps contribute to
| impartiality
|
| which criteria are most likely to warrant ascribing a greater degree of moral status to any given chimpanzee than to any given pig
| cognitive properties
|
| true or false: it is appropriate to identify some beings as possessing full moral status while viewing others as having partial moral status and still others as having no moral status
| true
|
| true or false: all persons with less than full moral status require a surrogate decision maker to determine their true interests
| false
|
| true or false: a brain-dead human being can have no moral status
| false
|
| true or false: if moral status correlates to a being's richness or quality of life there is a danger that fewer protections will be extended to the most vulnerable populations
| true
|
Although there is no complete list of adequacy criteria for moral judgments, moral judgments should be (1) logical, (2) based on facts, and (3) based on sound or defensible moral principles. A moral judgment that is weak on any of these grounds is open to criticism.
First, a person must interpret the situation. Second, a person must engage in moral reasoning; that is, he or she must weigh any competing moral issues and form a mature and responsible judgment about what should be done. Third, the moral judgment must be prioritized over other values and action choices.
Rest developed his Four-Component Model by asking: “What must happen psychologically in order for moral behavior to take place?” He concluded that ethical action is the product of these psychological subprocesses: (1) moral sensitivity (recognition); (2) moral judgment or reasoning; (3) moral motivation; and (4) moral ...
